Would you like to react to this message? Create an account in a few clicks or log in to continue.



 
HomeLatest imagesRegisterLog in

 

 Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto

Go down 
+3
Venom OPS
J. Jordan
Dominator046
7 posters
AuthorMessage
Dominator046
Senior Wizard
Dominator046


Posts : 458
Join date : 2012-08-09
Age : 29
Location : 'Murica.

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyMon Oct 15, 2012 1:13 pm

Dominator046’s Metallurgy Manifesto

The one stop post for all would be smiths, and or those who need information about their items or crafts. This table discusses the various metals that can be encountered within Aeria and should be known by any character who vies for the smithing life. Now, tempering and care for the craft will always determine the true quality of a work, and your smithRP should show that you know what you’re doing enough to represent the quality of your work; having said this, I will try and provide some tips and tricks to forging that will give you an edge when playing. No pun was intended regarding that last line, but it does amuse me, so I am leaving it.

Quote :
ATTENTION!:

I do not claim ownership of the entirety of this creative content; the material contained within pertains to the entire Olden Community, to which I've assessed and organized in a reasonable fashion that provides information on production, physical and magical characteristics, as well as other notable features. I in no way seek to claim this entire table as my own creation, as it's owned by the community.

The Authors of the material exists as follows in their various amounts of contribution, all of which valuable:
Pat
Psyche
Kain
Munroe
PhoenixRhapsody
Dominator046




----

The Hard Metals

Within this section I will discuss metals fit for use in weaponry and armor in the current technological facets within Aeria. Now, Hard Metals may not be an entirely accurate term of endearment, however, since there are denotations such as Precious Metals, I sought a similar title I could use for these metals.
Now without any further ado, we may begin.


Bronze: In modern Aeria, the use of bronze is not as it once was in the past, when armies would stand in gleaming armor: Bronze is heavier than steel, and much softer as well; a bronze sword and bronze full-plate would no longer stand against even the simple peasant weapons available. As well, bronze is harder to produce than steel, as the resources it happens to be made from (Copper and tin, with some other materials perhaps) are more rare than iron. The uses that Bronze presents today rely on facets not entirely as immediate to the warrior: Bronze is heavily resistant to corrosion, it carries very little friction, it is a good conductor, it expands before setting making it fill the finest details within molds for sculptures, it is perhaps the perfect ‘bell’ metal, and it will not generate sparks when struck against a hard surface. These features make bronze useful in machinery, equipment that contacts with seawater, hammers, holding-studs for armor under the surface, musical instruments, bells, and various other facets and features. Bronze is, as it always has been, a hard working alloy.


Iron: Iron is perhaps the most widely used, and in demand metal within proper Aeria today.There are various states of iron which can be used and or harnessed, each of them has their own important role to play, deserves mention, and should be acknowledged by anyone who wishes to work metal.

Wrought Iron: Wrought iron is iron placed within a bloomery, and heated just under the melting point, which will allow the slag to escape the metal, and the carbon-monoxide from the coal would allow the ore to become a grey iron material. This is a somewhat delicate process, requiring one to work a careful temperature, as to not reduce the metal to pig iron. Wrought iron has a low carbon content, making it a solid hardness, and non-brittle; as well, the lack of carbon in the metal will disable any hardening due to heat treatment, making it the iconic metal being hammered by blacksmiths at the forge. The metal can be softened when exposed to heat, and thus reshaped by a hammer and anvil into a more permanent form; just as well, it probably goes without saying, that wrought iron is substantially susceptible to rusting, and as such, require care and effort made to fight this process.

Cast Iron: Perhaps one of the older irons in the minds of some scholars, and this metal is made from pouring molten iron ore into a mold, and allowing it to cool; usually made from pig iron, this results in a high carbon content in comparison to steel or other iron alloys. This metal is brittle, while having a substantial amount of hardness before this brittleness will allow the metal to break. Cast irons were perhaps the first to be used in tools and weapons, however, their brittleness would likely lead to their breaking in battle; just as well, cast iron tools are quite heavy. It is still useful today in simple utensils such as pans, farming equipment, and even low quality weapons; as well, it is also a very useful, though hard to work with currently, component in architecture. This is due to the fact that cast irons have good fluidity, low melting point, great wear resistance, deformation resistance, oxidation resistance, and potent usage in machines. This metal is the precursor to steel, and is honed through sawing, filing, and other techniques. Some claim the Dverfar developed a way to make Cast Iron Malleable as well, making a sharp, somewhat hard, malleable metal for their various needs.

Pig Iron: This metal is worth mentioning for it is the key ingredient contained therein, which can be used to produce steel. Pig iron is the byproduct created when iron is smelted with a high carbon fuel, such as charcoal or coke, resulting in what was at one time considered an utterly wasteful state of iron. However, this would be undone, as this highly brittle metal would become the key ingredient used in the highly-delicate and perhaps sacred art of producing steel. What would be done is the pig iron would be placed back inside of a proper bloomery which was prepared to produce steel. The pig iron would be remelted to rid the sample of impurities, leaving a lump of porous iron with some slag contained within. Then, the task would fall to a strong armed man, who would hammer the slag from the metal, then shape it into a bar by repeatedly heating and hammering. Another way is to remove carbon from wrought iron through similar methods, and another way is to combine cast iron and wrought iron through fusion in a large furnace to produce steel. The most famous and perhaps beloved way is the prior-most mentioned, capable of producing Wootz steel, and more such incredible steels through this and crucible forging. Pig iron was once thought a waste… but is perhaps one of the greatest metallurgic successes of all time.


Steel: Steel has an excellent strength-to-weight ratio, and stands difficult to produce, but perhaps less so than the fabled metals or magic metals; as well, with its main ingredient being iron, steel is very plentiful. Steel seems to be ever more important moving onwards, as it has in the time since its discovery and wonder. Steel being an alloy, there are many different plays upon steel that would prove too numerous to go into; many of these alloys play upon the amount of carbon in the blade, or other mineral salts that are place into the mixture. The higher the carbon content, the sharper the blade can be, but also more brittle; other common minerals within the steel are manganese, nickel, chromium, and vanadium. The delicate process for making steel has been mentioned above, and as such, needs not be restated; if you have missed it, you should look under the entry: Pig Iron. Steel can perhaps occur naturally in the Earth, but not in this usable form; these forms it can be found in are particular iron oxides, such as hematite and magnetite. Steel has a myriad of purposes away from just arms and armor, it can be used in construction, tools, support equipment, utilities such as ovens, ship making, steel wool, and more.


Vyrite: An alloy of iron that stretches back to the time of iron itself, existing as a substitute for the metal such such as White Iron exists today. Using cast iron as a base, and working a peculiar mixture of salts into the metal, alongside a fitting portion of lead, one gets the metal Vyrite. Vyrite is a fairly sharp, brittle metal, that can be made fairly cheap due to how easy it is to make, however this price also reflects its quality; Vyrite weapons are not very durable, and will not last longer than several months. However, an interesting facet, or notable disadvantage of this metal, is the fact it is particularly toxic. Chippings from this metal have long been used as a poison, and in addition, they have been used as temporary weapons for soldiers and troops since its inception. The metal has a notable brown color to it, and carries a particular smell. This metal can be processed into an extra fine powder, making handling it a very tedious, and or dangerous task. In modern times, the best use for Vyrite is as a poison, or weapon coating, more so than being used as a weapon on its own.


Vyrium: Descending itself from Vyrite, Vyrium is the alloy of the same materials that make Vyrite, save replacing Cast Iron with Steel. Vyrium appears with an orange and lime green hue, making it appear like lustrous rust. The weapon is somewhat weaker than steel, and notably heavier; just as well with the nature of steel, the metal is rather difficult to work, and is primarily used to spread steel reserves out over a large volume. The metal is far more durable than Vyrite, making it usable substance long enough to be considered an heirloom; however, it is practically impossible to attempt reforging, and or repairing Vyrium items. Vyrium is also just as toxic as Vyrite.


Vynon: The most pristine of the Vyrite family of metals is Vynon, a useful metal when placed within the right hands. This is a dark metal, which appears rather opaque, making it sometimes confusable for a dark stone. The composition is that of Vyrium, however, the mixture of metals has the metal Allonite introduced to its mixture, making it particularly conductive. This metal is fairly weighty, and the magnetic property makes it suited to fewer purposes than perhaps Vyrium, however, one notable use for Vynon is its use as a weapon by brigands and assassins; the weapon is relatively cheap, fairly useful, durable weapon that carries a natural toxicity, and whose magnetism can be used to attract additional noxious substances, such as rust or even arsenic. One particular use for Vynon is knives for skilled knife fighters, whose weight and edge give added force in slashing, stabbing, and when knife fighting comes down to pure tests of strength and or force.


Gonalin: Not actually a metal, this is a sedimentary rock, known as Pond Stone, formed with concentrations of various metals, and set to soak in still water and the light of the sun. This rock is primarily found along the magi's current, Ahdsur, Sarkun, and Sida. These stones are quite often used in decoration for the vibrancy of their color, but can also be used as writing implements, a fertilizer for plants, and also as a magical catalyst; which is to say, this stone is rather reactive to magical reactions placed upon it, whether in nature, or by a caster. This quality, and its hardness, make it one of the base materials used in the creation of Anbalain.


Dumir: Known to the Ahdsurian Elves as Night-Gem, it is a particular mineral that plays useful in the creation of Anbalain; it is a deep Indigo metalloid that is highly reflective and occurs naturally, in abundance, throughout Ahdsur, Estivon, and along the Magi's Current. In its raw state, it is used as a decorative substance, and when ground up, it makes a widely popular mineral powder. This powder is used in glass staining, in dyes, in alchemy for remedies and poultices of a handful of ailments, as a cosmetic, and lastly as the priming agent in Anbalain. When used in the metallurgic practices required to produce Anbalain, it is set into a bloomery, and fired to the point where it softens, and molds together. Some scholars attempt to transpose that this stone is an offshoot cousin of Cardonium.


Anbalan: The Sacred Metal of the Ahdsurian Elves, serving as their blessed instruments, and items most sacred. The creation of Anbalain is a very restricted, and closely kept secret; known only to the faithful of the Ahdsurian Concord, and a few scarce metalsmiths whom can only replicate the great and glorious metal of the elves. Anbalain is created when a skilled smith, or a team thereof, takes a particular amount of (non-Arsenic) Bronze, Gonaelin, and Du'mir into a workshop. There, the metals are treated and blessed in rites sacred to Aten, before the forgings begin. First, the Gonaelin is to be fired into two identical pieces of what is to be crafted, then left to sit in water Following this, the Du'mir must be made into the proper shape required of it, through placement in a bloomery. Finally, with a specialized forge, the bronze must be produced in two of three separate molds, then the Gonaelin pieces must be set in two of the molds, and mixed into an even spread. With these holds of metal still molten, the Bronze-Gonaelin mixes must be merged inside of the empty third mold that will hold the Du'mir, melting and merging the material inside of it, at which point the final product will be let harden, placed into water, and blessed by rites of Aten. Anbalain, an alloy, means something not entirely translatable into Common; it means something roughly: The Angelic Might of Kings. This metal is almost as hard as steel, less brittle, roughly the same weight and sharpness, but also will never rust, and is a great deal more magically active, as well as possessing a great potential for enchanting. Anbalain is said to reflect light oddly, and sometimes let out unusual sounds when swung; those whom have questioned Ahdsurian smiths would hear only that it is Aten's gaze shimmering off of them.


Moonsteel: This is a metal uncommon in the world, due to the difficulty and somewhat expensive nature of the materials. This metal is a steel, though it must be treated and tended to by an experienced smith, for the metal Moonsteel, one must carefully implement Argentium, raw and spiritually pure silver into the metal. This creates a strong weapon, only slightly weaker than the steel workable by an expert smith, that allows it the power to slay evil creatures with the power imbued in it, and strike against unholy forces. It also increases the weapon's ability to be enchanted a fair amount.


Jetsteel: This particular steel requires an added level of experience and understanding to begin working on, for it requires the intricate working of the metal Orium into the alloy just so that it does not weaken the blade more than necessary, while not spreading the metal too thin and rendering it near useless. Jetsteel is a powerful metal that takes its name from iconic imagery that uses the power of the jet black metal Orium infused into the blade; by infusing steel with the metal, not only does this metal increase the conductivity of the weapon, but it allows the metal to strike out against forces of a holy or divine nature. This also makes the metal more conductive, making it easier to enchant.


Blitzsteel: Similar to both above is the metal known as Blitzsteel, a remarkable steel using the powerful metal Rebonite, the mixture of Orium and Silver, in the making of the blade. Using this material, one gets a lesser ability to fend off monsters, however, it also has the chance to randomly deflect the entirety of a lesser-moderate spell back at the attacker. However, due to the amount of Rebonite needed to supplement these effects being greater than silver or orium alone, the blade is somewhat weaker.


Mithril: The long legendary metal and rival of steel is the powerful metal Mithril, born to legends and forging swords for kings, the metal serves as one of the best available on Aeria by which one can produce crafts with. Serving with properties similar to steel, it can be derived into several alloys, however, it is a particularly hard metal to work due to the high temperature required to render it workable, in addition to the slim margin at which it will begin to melt. With techniques adapted from the working of steel specified to Mithril, one can work the metal and forge mighty workings through which songs may be song and tales told. Mithril is, even in its natural state, very hard, excellent strength to weight ratio, but also, able to hold a keen edge, making it a vastly useful metal wherever durability is concerned. While only slightly harder than wrought iron, coupled with its ability to hold an edge, and the fact that once well tempered it resists oxidation slightly better than steel. Mithril, in addition to its incredible physical properties, is magically capable, able to hold enchantment, as well as resist hostile effects from all forms of magery, particularly Holy and unholy. However, this renders mithril weapons incredibly hard to enchant, and any that are made prove to be of the greatest tier of enchanted weaponry.


Dawnsteel: This metal brings the great glory of morning with it, carrying the powerful essence of pure sunlight and pure moonlight; this metal seems more colorful when shown in natural light, such as showing slightly orange in the morning sun, or slightly blue in the evening moonlight. This metal works with bringing Moonsteel into a mithril alloy, which is done due to the fact that Argentium itself cannot be done so alone, due to Mithril's resilience to magic. However, when bonded with steel, the metals can be mixed; this will still allow the metal to retain its mithril strength, and in addition to this one will be able to flay monsters or those with unnatural or unholy divine defenses with greater ease. In addition to this, Mithri'ls magical resistance is lessened due to the precious metal used, but this also increases conductivity a bit, making the mithril somewhat easier to enchant. A hybrid mithril alloy such as this can only be performed by a true expert in the art of smithing.


Onyxsteel: Aligning itself with the power of the deep blackness which holds the metal, turning the glorious white contained within mithril to go into a deep grey, with black veins reaching through the craft like arteries carrying dark blood; this metal is potent, and can quite easily live up to the ominous look it portrays. The metal requires an expert smith, one capable of great toil, able to produce both mithril, and Jetsteel, from that point, the smith has to carefully work them together, finding the perfect ratio, working them together in order to create a more perfect union between the two that will not spoil either. Orium cannot be directly merged into mithril due to mithril's resistance to magic, however, its bondage with steel allows it passage in, and if the steel is of masterwork quality, the deviation in quality will be so slight that it will be uttelry unnoticable. With the addition of Orium, Mithril's magical resistances are weakened, but raises the conductivity, thus it makes the mithril easier to enchant as well.


Stormsteel: Akin to both Dusksteel and Dawnsteel, Stormsteel is the merging of Blitzsteel into the world of mithril alloys, and it is given similar properties to those very same. Stormsteel has a lesser ability to strike at powers, but is able to strike at both monsters as well as divine forces. Just as well, Stormsteel sacrifices mithril's natural magic resistance and instead possesses an ability to rebuke almost any spell back at the attacker who made the aggressive movement. While slightly weaker than the other two Mithril-Steels, it is barely noticable in any case, in all but the most precarious hands, it carries the strength of mithril when forged by an expert smith. However, the cost of the metals make Stormsteel items notably expensive, and as such, fairly rare.


White Iron: White Iron is a popular alloy involving the two metals Iron and Mithril; from these two metals come two particular versions of the alloy: Heavy White Iron and Light White Iron. This metal came about after man been able to identify mithril, with war on the horizon. Skilled smiths were gathered and derived a way to spread the reserves of mithril as thin as possible by mixing it in with a metal that could contain it; while steel was an option, steel as well required a great deal of time and effort to produce, making the use of steel inefficient. However, smiths found that producing mithril as an alloy with iron made for interesting results that, while lesser than mithril, and only somewhat better than steel, for a great cost still, could provide useful properties. However, one notable effect the Iron has on Mithril, is that it conductivity, as well as its spread out presence, seems to weaken if not null the magical resistance presented by mithril.

Heavy White Iron is Mithril fused as an alloy with Wrought Iron; this renders the metal very heavy, even with Mithril's best attempts to lighten the load, it is a hefty thing to carry. This is the metal used to produce armor, reinforcements, or what have you; anything where mithril would be used to provide strength to an object, but the budget will not allow for pure mithril.

Light White Iron is Mithril fused as an alloy with Cast Iron; this renders the metal as heavy as steel, but with even greater sharpness, and equal hardness to a moderate hardness steel. This makes the weapon very useful in combat purposes, however, still running a bit of a price for the mithril involved. This metal is used to simulate mithril's superb edge.


Noxious Mithril: A particularly creative alloy of mithril borrowing from the metal of Arsenic laced Bronze, this alloy is an interesting play on the metals that strives for useful items while not expunging as much as one would for pure mithril. Noxious Mithril requires specified equipment to make, a forge capable of venting and controlling highly toxic fumes, as well as requiring the smithy, and the smith, being able to work Mithril well enough to be appropriated into the concoction.. The metal averages as a little lighter than steel, but also is quite frictionless, and while averaging around steel in hardness, it possesses great sharpness. Just as well, one would be wary to let too much of this material into their bodily systems, for even though slight, the traces of arsenic in the metal can cause sickness, and under utterly extreme circumstances, true poisoning.


Spelter (Zinc/Zinc Alloys): Spelter is a metal that can be traced (and most likely used in Aeria) since pre-historical times. This metal has a low melting point, and is hard while also brittle; not so much so as iron, but maintaining a sheen and hardness that makes it useful in harder decorative fashion. Burning various sample of Spelter, along with certain treatment in some situations, can produce the substance known as Philosophers Wool, which is useful as an early paint substance and a medicinal powder.


Lead: A soft, but heavy metal, lead is a pristine white color when first cut and shaped but quickly rusts into its dark gray color. Lead is poisonous when it comes into contact with the bloodstream, causing a variety of maladies. However, it has been used throughout time due to its ease of extraction and smelting, as well, being soft, it’s easy to work. Lead has a variety to uses, from its fantastic uses in plumbing (plumbing is derived from the latin word from lead, funfact) and a securing fixture for iron pins in architecture. Perhaps the greatest use we see for lead, is the presence of lead in bullets; lead is a fantastic metal for bullets, because the soft nature of lead causes the impact it makes with the body to transfer large amounts of force from the bullet to the body, ripping, tearing, and making a large hole as it plows its way through; whereas a harder metal will make a much smaller hole, and have less of a chance at hitting critical organs. In addition to this, the lead bullet can easily poison the bloodstream, making it exponentially lethal.


Alum (Aluminum Alloys in Powder Form): A metal long existant in Aeria is the salt Alum, renown for its usefulness in dyes, astringents, and medicinal salt in a magnitude of functions. Alum is the primary ingredient in the production of philospher's wool, and more often than not, shows as a white powder or crystalized solution. Another useful property of many Alum salts, is its ability to treat items and make them more flame resistant.


The Notable Crystals:

These crystals are rather valuable or useful to either the smithing, or magical processes within Aeria. The items themselves can also have useful properties just in themselves.


Corundum: An incredibly hard mineral, occurring with varying shades, but on rare occasion occurring as a clear crystalline shape, Corundum is a very useful resource to have a hold of. Corundum is used as an abrasive, and where hardness can be readily applied; being able to scratch almost any other mineral makes it very useful in its field. Armorers who are able on occasion find use in the hardness by fashioning it into studs.


Cordonium: Similar in ways to Corundum, though less hard, physically it is similar in appearance when in a fairly impure state; however, quickly the differences show and dash major standing between the two substances. Cordonium's purest form is clear, and entirely transparent. It is capable of absorbing vast amounts of magic. While such large gatherings of magic are naturally dispersed according to the laws of the universe, Cordonium is capable of slowing this process down. It is not fully understood why or how, but when looking through a pure sample of Cordonium, it refracts light in mind-bending ways. Undetectable arrangements of molecules in the gem may contribute to its unique properties. Energy passing into or out of the gem will be slowed to a halt, unless guided by a third party, someone capable of controlling magical energy directly. Then, energy can flow as freely as water, bypassing the "barriers" of the gem. Cordonium is only found in the deepest parts of Aeria, where intense heat, pressure, Arcane Tempests, and the World Storm itself all contribute to its unique formation. It is very rare and very difficult to extract. Kerodil's naturally deep caves and unusual abundance of magic-users make Cordonium a more prevalent and widely recognized substance there. Its rarity and usefulness make it more valuable than any other mineral, to a mage, at least.



The Mystic Metals:

These metals either work with magic, have a direct relationship with magic, or a combination of both.


Argentium: This metal is no different from that of silver, the greatest conductor of them all. However, Silver is in fact, so very conductive, that it conducts magical energies into it as well. This can change the metal into three distinct forms of silver. Ordinary silver exists within the middle ground of elemental powers, and can have some, but little effect, depending on how much of what energies it has. However, when the silver has been bathed in pure primal energies in ways only true enchanters or smiths would know, they will produce a magical metal known as Argentium. Commonly silver serves as a general misnomer for this metal, for they look almost identical; however, this metal is a touch more brilliant in appearance, and in function, it is even more so. Argentium is the silver used to combat evil, unnatural, undead, dark, or 'unholy' forces; this is the metal popularized by monster hunters and templars who hunt beasts.


Orium: This metal is no different from that of silver, the greatest conductor of them all. However, Silver is in fact, so very conductive, that it conducts magical energies into it as well. This can change the metal into three distinct forms of silver. Ordinary silver exists within the middle ground of elemental powers, and can have some, but little effect, depending on how much of what energies it has. However, whent he silver has been bathed in magery, or perhaps forces unnatural, or that which is considered unholy in ways only mages, scholars, or smiths will know; they produce a valuable metal known as Orium. Equally powerful in beauty in function to Argentium, this metal carries a lovely black color with an interesting shine for such a soft metal, making its useful properties occasionally succumb to the vain, for its use in decoration just as silver is. An interesting differentiation between the metals is the fact that Orium is lighter than silver somewhat, making it slightly more useful in the production of magical items. Orium also exhibits the powers to strike at the forces of those who shield themselves with divine power, natural power, light based powers, or perhaps even what is considered 'holy'.


Rebonite: When combined, Argentium and Orium make the astonishingly useful metal known as Rebonite, based on the word `rebound`. Rebonite is neither vulnerable to forces light or dark, as Argentium and Orium's properties cancel each other out on that aspect. Rebonite is fairly lightweight, although not as light as Orium yet not as heavy as silver, but somewhat more durable than the two soft metals which gave it life. This compound is perhaps impossible to find naturally, and is surprisingly expensive to see made by hand. Rebonite possesses two exceedingly useful properties; first, it has moderately effective against magical creatures. It is not effective as Argentium or Orium in either of their fields, but it is still fairly dangerous to any of the beings that either can harm, and much more useful than anything iron. The second property is much more amazing. Objects created out of Rebonite are capable of deflecting/reflecting magic back in it's original trajectory.


Motile: A very thin, soft, and rather conductive metal; common place and easy enough to work with, often the metal is produced in thin sheets or wires to carry either heat or electricity from one place to another. While not as conductive as the more rare or precious metals, it rivals copper, but its unique set of properties and availability make it useful in its own way; in fact, it is a crucial piece in the assembly of Tempest Maces.


Cardac: A metal seeming to be the evil twin of motile, this relatively soft, but non-brittle metal is an incredible insulator useful in defending against both heat, electricity, and perhaps other forms of energy. However, its natural roughness, and lack of interesting hue make it less than desirable for most uses, other than perhaps construction.


Navium A metal of magical origins, and particular lethality as well as rarity, Navium is not something you want to keep in your kitchen pantry. Navium is a magical metal that emits pure energy through the sigilum in a way that is harmful to living things after prolonged and or heavy exposure; this can be either sickness, or mutation, of either the mind or body. Navium is formed when Platinum is subjected to the immense power of an Arcane Tempest, most usually deep under the Earth; this makes it, thankfully quite rare. In addition to this, Navium is illegal throughout most of the civilized world.


Radium: A slightly ductile and mildly durable, but will quickly deform if it undergoes successive blows without rest. The substance is difficult to find, only forming under extreme heat and pressure, rendering most of it deep beneath the ground, on the edges of coastlines and coral reefs unearthed through erosion of land, or deep beneath the sea. Radium is not hard to work with, but cannot be bent into overly acute angles, often requiring a smooth curve to make the shape. Radium's name comes from its near-constant radiance, for as long as it is in the presence of magic, it will give off a glow proportional to the concentration of magic passing through it. This concentration can be increased by increasing surface area, so Radium is most preferred in the form of rough sheets or nested rods for the best natural effect. It comes in many colors, most often a faint hue of lime, but the light it emits is always white. Radium may be one of the most superb compound metals on Aeria, purely because of its astonishing ability to generate light from the presence of magic, and more-so, to convert other forms of magic into a pure form of light. This includes converting dark magic into light. In addition, if light is shined upon it, and overpowers the emitted light, the Radium will instead convert that light into a proportional amount of pure magical energy. How it manages this is beyond mystery, and the effectiveness of its function does not seem to decrease when working with darker magic or any other form of light, making it a perfect tool for purifying and cleaning cursed lands and corrupted wounds. These properties also make Radium a highly coveted metal and ore by many subterranean dwellers, but they have less difficulty finding it. Radium is mainly suited toward utility and purifying uses, and will not function well on the end of a standard weapon, such as a blade or hammer, though may be combined with one to fight against dark forces or slowly drain the energy of magical beings. Radium is most often used in staffs, wands, and jewelry, is a favorite among those who make use of its pure light.


Magite: The favored material of spellcasters. Magite makes a very thin sheet, and as a result is prone to easily breaking. However, the texture is very soft and comfortable, making excellent robes. Magite is near completely immune to magic, and as a result, in large numbers creates an odd field of magic in nearby space not currently occupied by Magite, which amplifies magic by very large amounts. When magite is formed into robes, the insides of the robes, the space occupied by the wearer, becomes very reactive to magic, allowing spellcasters to use magic with greater ease.


Allonite: The mystical twin of brass, this metal mirrors the aforementioned metal in perhaps every aspect, except for its magnetism. What gives this metal its varying magnetism is something of a mystery among metalworkers and mages.


Zapsot:: Zapsot is a curious, and rare metalloid, able to store both electrical and magical energy, making it an impressive tool for scientific studies. The compound is fairly brittle, but when manipulated in the correct manner, can convert magical energy to electrical energy, and electrical energy to magical.


Cardile: The electrical counterpart of Cordonium, acting as an exceedingly useful storage for electrical energy. Cardile is however somewhat weaker, has a smaller capacity than Cordonium. When heated, the material weakens and releases the electrical energy. The heat is entirely relative to the temperature of connected metals and the temperature of the air around the compound. Cardile is another extremely rare compound, and is difficult to find. One would have better luck attempting to forge it themselves than finding it through prospecting, though artificially forging it is impossible without extremely high temperatures, dangerous enough to burn anyone merely standing in the radiant heat.


Morbite: A very soft, ductile metal that can be easily worked at a high enough temperature, it can withstand a moderate level of heat once it has been crafted, but isn't much tougher than Motile. However, the metal is capable of producing the effect of repulsing other metals when powered with electric energy. It also generates electricity through friction, much like motile, though slightly less efficient, which means hitting another metal with Morbite will result in a much stronger blow. The substance is rare in large quantities, but has been equally dispersed over the surface of Aeria, and a little can be found everywhere, though it is still rarer than most pure minerals and ores.


Metanite: A highly flexible but strong substance useful for thin weapons, such as rapiers. Metanite is exceptionally rare, and has been found but a few times over the course of history. The weapons formed from it have become the stuff of legends, and its wielders, just as famous. As an ore, it forms a white, opaque, bulbous shape, and is naturally smooth to the touch. As a metal, Metanite could be best described as "metallic marble," and it's visual allure is almost as captivating as its utility. Metanite's most useful, and deadly, property, is its ability to cut into otherwise intangible materials; the Weave itself, or a foe's Sacred Field. The properties of Magite make this possible. The drawback is that Metanite weapons are not suitable for piercing armor or tough flesh. However, a skilled user could disable someone's magic with a swing, or severely damage them, right down to the soul, where even most magic will not save them. Sacred fields with more power will also offer more resistance, but with Metanite, merely responding with more force will be enough to pierce through, and no magical additions are required. Even the most skilled metallurgists in both lore, history, and fact know little to nothing of Metanite.



The Precious Metals

These metals have both significant desirability and functionality, proving themselves as particularly valuable and useful throughout human history.


Copper: Used since prehistory, copper is a metal born into the ages, and perhaps one of the original metals used by man. Copper is a soft, conductive, reddish metal when met in its natural state. Some of its compounds are met as a turquoise when it is in a salt form. Copper can make lovely mirrors early in on the technological progression, as well as its use in decorative and monetary systems throughout time. Just as well, copper can be used in medicinal treatments.


Tin: A lovely soft metal that has been used since ancient times in the working of bronze, the rarity it poses in some places makes it a valuable commodity, especially considering its various uses. Tin is a primary component of pewter, the lovely flatware to which medieval society use for their eating and drinking utencils. Just as well, it can be used to provide a corrosion resistant coating on items, as well as give a pleasant luster. HOWEVER, tin can also be found containing Arsenic, which would make smelting it unpleasant; tin without arsenic contained within it could be incredibly rare and valuable in some places of Aeria, while common in others.


Brass: An alloy of copper and zinc, this metal is primarily used in decoration, and has been used so for a very long time. It is especially well suited to decorative station where it’s low friction properties can be put into place, such as doorknobs and hinges. As well, it has lovely acoustic properties, making it a go to metal for musical instruments.


Antimony: Recently distinguished from lead, antimony is a lighter grey metal than that of lead, but bearing many similar qualities. It is toxic, but carries pigment in a way that allows it to be used as a cosmetic product.


Cobalt: A somewhat hard, lustrous gray metal, Cobalt is a metal that has been used for centuries as a source for paints, jewelry, and in glass staining (giving a particular blue color); however, it is not very practical to smelt or to derive into an alloy, for rumor has it that monsters have possessed this metal and only death will come to those who try and smelt it; while this rumor has long since been disproven, it does emit very lethal arsenic gas when smelted.


Arsenic: This metalloid is a very potent one, known for century as the Poison of Kings and the King of Poisons; this sample of metal is HIGHLY toxic and is very hard to detect. As well, it can be used to strengthen the hardness of bronze alloys.


Bismuth: Though easily confusable with lead, antimony, and tin (each of these metals being quite similar), one can perhaps determine Bismuth by a multitude of factors; a present physical factor that can be used is that Bismuth oxidizes with a slight pink tinge. Bismuth is soft, brittle, and is the metal with the greatest ability to generate a magnetic field opposite of one subjected to it. For a heavy metal, it has a remarkably low toxicity, it is used in some healing mixtures, as well as cosmetics and pigments. Bismuth can often be used as a non-toxic replacement for lead.


Silver: The beauty and power of silver has shaped lives and leveled kingdoms, this soft, white, lustrous metal carries with it a natural mystique and majesty. In addition to his lovely luster and color, silver is often found in its native state, allowing for easy identification, and does not tarnish easily. Sterling Silver is easy to make, and gives silver enough hardness to stand the wear of life as jewelry. Just as well as this, silver is the best conductor known, and the best conductor of heat out of any metal. Silver carries its conductivity into the field of magery, able to carry energies within it from various sources, this yields to the creation of Argentium and Orium, both of which are prized and valued Mystic metals..


Gold: While steel may physically bathe the world in blood, it is Gold that has shifted fate and destiny across Aeria since primordial days. Gold is a dense, soft, lustrious, and pure metal; Gold is very stable and does not decay, as well, it occurs in its native form in the majority. In addition to its vast uses in decoration, currency, and monuments; gold is a powerful conductor, and reflects heat in the form of infrared light.


Platinum: Though not as ancestral as gold, Platinum is a step alongside its older brother; Platinum is the least reactive element, and it usually will not bond or decay; it is a dense, remarkably corrosion resistant, ductile, lustrous metal. In addition to its lovely luster and its robustness, it is exceptionally rare. Just as well, Platinum will never tarnish nor oxidize, making that grand luster stand the test of time for as many generations as you can hope to father. In addition to all this grandeur, there is another property that Platinum has that no metal can claim; it can withstand the bombardment of magical energies, and carry it as an electric charge would carry through silver cable. This makes it an invaluable resource in magical apparatuses and studies.


Aerium: Rarely seen even by the long lived races of Aeria holds a metal revered and highly praised across the countless fields of Aeria; this metal is known simply as Aerium in common, and long has been both a status symbol and evidence of great power. It is exceptionally rare, only a handful of mines reputed to have stores of it within the world, and more samples being found by chance outside of these off chances. The metal has an awe inspiring luster resembling that of the sunrise and or the sunset, and when withdrawn into dark places, seeming to almost resemble the night sky, with shimmering being able to hold out as long as there is a single trace of a light present in the dark. Aerium is soft, very dense and as such quite heavy, and is more so pure than even platinum, perhaps forming the most high of all the simple metals within Aeria. This metal has a unique magical function however, being able to act as a step-up transformer for both Ethereal and Light, this has made the material a prized piece in machinery fashioned by the Dver for both magical purposes, and for lighting their great subterranean cities. Aerium cannot be called the least reactive element in the world, for it has a unique property of merging with Lucium to allow the two to play off each other; this mixture will allow the Aerium to amplify the light naturally given off by the Lucium, and perhaps create a self-sustaining light source, that can similarly emit magical power, renowned for driving away the dead and dark powers.



The Mythic Metals

These metals are the opposite of magic metals; more suited to resisting magic, and holding their own properties without the assistance of magic. Mystic Metals are all from different realms, or do not follow natural laws.


Stygian: The well known armor of Bane's soldiers. This metal can be exceedingly heavy and awkwardly unbalanced to wield, so isn't used for weapons. It however makes the best known armor of all the metals, being incredibly strong, durable and resistant to magic. It is said that souls are known to live within Stygian, giving Stygian armor unpredictable enchantments. As a result to Stygian being a very tough metal, armor crafted from it often appears crude and rough. Stygian is not from the mortal realm, and as such, cannot be melted by mortal means, magic or otherwise. Stygian is from Bane's Realm.


Adamantium: Few metals are quite as mysterious and legendary as Adamantium, and so little of it exists that there are few whom will even behold the mystery, even if they had the lifespan of an elf and the elf's offspring. Adamantium has no definite source, and seems to appear unnaturally, suddenly, in times of great upheaval and passion. Adamantium has a metallic luster, and can range from a mint green to a pale gold. The difference in color seems to suggest how reactive the Adamantium specimen is to magic: Mint green being fairly resistant to magic, with gold being fairly reactive to magic. Adamantium appears to be a metal that travels through fated hands, with a weight equal to that of heavy iron, but a durability and sharpness that exceeds even Mithril. Only forgemasters whom have crafted the stuff of legend could even be worth considering for the trying task of creating something from a source of Adamantium, and even then, there is no written technique for refining and producing the finished wares. Adamantium can also overcome natural resistances to common weapons, but not divine or magical defenses any more so than what is understandable. Also, Adamantium weapons have to have gold or silver placed upon them to be enchantable. The most recent discovery of Adamantium was a small deposit one-hundred and eighty years ago, where a large raiding party formed by various brigand companies merged together, and raided a Field of Strife; at the center of this field of strife, there was a small deposit which they harvested from, before fleeing.


Lucium: Unlike other metals, Lucium resembles glass, being slightly translucent and available in many colors, predominantly green. Lucium glows faintly according to it's color, and emits light violently when receiving impact. Lucium is slightly resistant to magic, but not a great deal; however, it is not possible to enchant Lucium with a permanent magical effect, as the magic wears off slowly over time. When crafted into an object, Lucium is to be brought into contact with Navium for several seconds, giving the newly crafted Lucium the ability to slowly regenerate it's own shape in the case that the craft becomes warped. Lucium cannot regenerate itself, and it's properties make it unpopular and impractical for armor; instead being a very popular material for weapons designed for fighting undead. Lucium is gleaned from the roots of Kielm.


The Primordial Forms

These are not metals, they are the base building blocks of Aeria, nay, life itself. These are the things by which Aeria was born, the stuff of the World Storm, the fluid life of all existence..


Ethereal: This is the formal name given to the energy within Aeria that mages access through their arts. This is perhaps the single greatest mystery in all of the world, for this power, whatever it may come from, is mysterious and wide spread. It is encountered in all things life, in the building blocks of the world, and is generally considered a life force of all existence. Ethereal goes by many names and monikers, obviously, and will continue to do so, as long is there is a reality in which Ethereal exists.


Truminum: A viscuous black liquid that runs through the deepest bowels of Aeria, that is essentially a condensed form of Ethereal. The stuff is awesome in nature, and incredibly dangerous to even consider possessing, let alone to place in practice. It's difficulty to access also makes it exceedingly rare, and similarly expensive to acquire. It also runs with a greater temperature than magma, and capable of reflecting the tinges of color, slightly, through its blackness, based upon the nature of the Ethereal forming it contains. This stuff has been used for powerful acts of magery in the past, and serves now, as it has since ancient times, as an initiation rite in secret societies. Truminum is a scholar's name for the stuff, a common term has spread with little difference across the all of Aeria: It is known simply as, Dorm.


Obsisosium: The next condensing of Ethereal would reveal the mysterious, incredibly powerful substance known as Obsisosium, as it is formally known to the highly educated of Aeria's circles, and it is just as mighty, if not more so, than its prior stages. It is found in only the deepest, most inhospitable depths of Aeria, where one nears to the end of the world, out and onwards into the World Storm. Mages have identified what scarce and immensely valuable samples they have been able to come into contact with, as being, essentially, pure matter. This compressed and raw form of energy serving as a base building block in which it seems it is 'compelled' to become a part of Aeria. Due to this catalystic nature with other materials, it is impossible to fashion into anything save a structure of itself; and such a feat would be something to which even gods might not dare attempt. Outside of the learned circles, where layman ears dwell, for long ages, a name has existed and implied to such a material, something that has eeked across language. This name appears in Common as Dolm, and it is a powerful name.

Dorifium: The final known, and most elusive and powerful of materials known of Ethereal, if not the entire world, is known as Dorifium, as a scholar seeking immense power would pray for. Dorifium is Ethereal compressed into a state that has driven men mad through attempting to understand the depth, similarly, it contains properties unlike anything conceivable. Mages that have studied it (lightly enough to not completely lose mental faculty), have stated that it creates a field of intense power, so great, that no magic can exist within its area, as a fire cannot exist without air. and similarly, it can harm creatures with defenses both divine, magical, or of other unnatural origin; so much so, it is to say, that physical wounds with this material can descend down to the Sacred Field, and through Weave. The stuff itself is incredibly hard when in physical form, and mages speculate, that the immense power of this item, it can exist within a form of pure energy; however, it goes with saying, that this thought has provoked frightening thoughts about what an entity of pure energy such as this would be capable of. To think of producing something from a source of Dorifium, someone would need a material both incredibly strong, and able to overcome the sheer amount of Ethereal power it produces. This metal, being so exclusively rare, is known most only in reverence of the Dragoons, who themselves possessed little of it. While the name Dorifium itself is known through legend and spread across the world, it has a similar common name, a powerful one, which has roots in elder times when Aeria itself was perhaps unformed: Dohm.


Last edited by Dominator046 on Sun Apr 14, 2013 5:32 am; edited 32 times in total (Reason for editing : Added lots of crap. Added 'The Primordial Forms'.)
Back to top Go down
J. Jordan
Almost-Member
J. Jordan


Posts : 93
Join date : 2012-08-23
Age : 28
Location : Las Vegas

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyMon Oct 15, 2012 1:17 pm

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Stamp-1



AT LAST. FIXED AT LAST!
FREEDOOOOOM!
Back to top Go down
Venom OPS
Administrator
Venom OPS


Posts : 504
Join date : 2012-08-17
Location : America

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyMon Oct 15, 2012 1:28 pm

Yes

However I would like for those original issues to be resolved, and magical and titanium ores and metals to be included. I'll give my approval for what it is now, but Pat would need to confirm and help resolve this.
Back to top Go down
https://www.facebook.com/VenomOps
Dominator046
Senior Wizard
Dominator046


Posts : 458
Join date : 2012-08-09
Age : 29
Location : 'Murica.

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyMon Oct 15, 2012 1:47 pm

Venom OPS wrote:
Yes

However I would like for those original issues to be resolved, and magical and titanium ores and metals to be included. I'll give my approval for what it is now, but Pat would need to confirm and help resolve this.

Indeed, also, I intend on making a tl;dr version at some point.
Back to top Go down
Venom OPS
Administrator
Venom OPS


Posts : 504
Join date : 2012-08-17
Location : America

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyMon Oct 15, 2012 1:50 pm

All the better.
Back to top Go down
https://www.facebook.com/VenomOps
noodle
Monthly Bather
noodle


Posts : 334
Join date : 2012-06-09
Location : Surna, Sanctimonia

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyTue Oct 16, 2012 3:22 pm

Just... yes.
Back to top Go down
Venom OPS
Administrator
Venom OPS


Posts : 504
Join date : 2012-08-17
Location : America

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptySun Oct 28, 2012 10:13 am

Moving this, just need to keep it updated with the magic metals.

See Pat or Kain.
Back to top Go down
https://www.facebook.com/VenomOps
J. Jordan
Almost-Member
J. Jordan


Posts : 93
Join date : 2012-08-23
Age : 28
Location : Las Vegas

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptySat Nov 03, 2012 4:34 pm

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Tumblr_lpw9uyldqV1qk8enm

Other people, accept this shit. Admins, approve this shit. This needs approval now.
Back to top Go down
Venom OPS
Administrator
Venom OPS


Posts : 504
Join date : 2012-08-17
Location : America

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptySun Nov 04, 2012 2:05 am

This is approved you idiot.
Back to top Go down
https://www.facebook.com/VenomOps
Dominator046
Senior Wizard
Dominator046


Posts : 458
Join date : 2012-08-09
Age : 29
Location : 'Murica.

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptySun Nov 04, 2012 6:44 am

Venom OPS wrote:
This is approved you idiot.

Yeah, and Pat and I are working on magical metalz and shite getting on this page.
Back to top Go down
Giese
Scrublet
Giese


Posts : 9
Join date : 2012-08-14
Age : 70
Location : Prestonsburg, Kentucky

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptySun Feb 03, 2013 4:05 pm

I need a tl;dr version. :P
Back to top Go down
Dominator046
Senior Wizard
Dominator046


Posts : 458
Join date : 2012-08-09
Age : 29
Location : 'Murica.

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyTue Feb 05, 2013 7:14 am

Giese wrote:
I need a tl;dr version. :P

You can speak to me specifically about what you need to know. Though I know this is a lot, skimming a particular metal you need to know at one time isn't too difficult. <3

though, one on one, I'd be happy to help you out. = )
Back to top Go down
Munroe
Tryhard
Munroe


Posts : 602
Join date : 2012-02-06

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyTue Feb 05, 2013 9:46 am

Make a periodic table.
Back to top Go down
Dominator046
Senior Wizard
Dominator046


Posts : 458
Join date : 2012-08-09
Age : 29
Location : 'Murica.

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyWed Feb 06, 2013 8:46 am

Munroe wrote:
Make a periodic table.

/me almost karate chops the elephant that is Munroe's post.

/me thinks for a minute.

...That's not a bad idea. A chart more so, perhaps.
Back to top Go down
Tucker
Scrub
Tucker


Posts : 29
Join date : 2013-02-08

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyWed Feb 13, 2013 6:11 am

why do we have steel

i'm pretty sure it was discovered how to make it in the industrial age, and we're apparently pre-industrial.
Back to top Go down
Munroe
Tryhard
Munroe


Posts : 602
Join date : 2012-02-06

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyWed Feb 13, 2013 6:38 am

Steel is much older than that.

Wikipedia says real-life steel has been around since the B.C.'s.
Back to top Go down
Tucker
Scrub
Tucker


Posts : 29
Join date : 2013-02-08

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyWed Feb 13, 2013 6:43 am

Munroe wrote:
Steel is much older than that.

Wikipedia says real-life steel has been around since the B.C.'s.

ah

if it was expensive why does everyone and their dog own silver and steel weapons
Back to top Go down
Dominator046
Senior Wizard
Dominator046


Posts : 458
Join date : 2012-08-09
Age : 29
Location : 'Murica.

Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto EmptyWed Feb 13, 2013 7:09 am

Tucker wrote:
Munroe wrote:
Steel is much older than that.

Wikipedia says real-life steel has been around since the B.C.'s.

ah

if it was expensive why does everyone and their dog own silver and steel weapons

First of all, it depends on the type of steel, and the area of origin. I'm aware that there are some pretty far back for the production of steel in India, and a particular form of Wootz steel too; however, Europeans wouldn't be brought into the full knowing of steel until after a thousand years A.D. Also, this is Aeria, I'm not sure what the production age of steel would be; though, I'm sure some cultures have similarly had it for... well, a long time. The industrial revolution brought about the ability to Mass Produce steel, and create large steel beams. Also, it brought about the base ideas for super alloys, and all that good stuff.

And second; you bring up a good point, the fact is that steel weapons SHOULD be expensive, and SHOULD be less common. But they're not, because this roleplay focusses mostly on the heroes of Surna. So, might make sense they have a cut above the normal guy. Though, I do think we need to perhaps examine a price check.

Also, the IC Aeria economy is fucked to holy hell. One admin might say a house or a gun costs X, and another admin might say it costs 200X. It's a vicious state of affairs, or so I've seen.
Back to top Go down
Sponsored content





Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty
PostSubject: Re: Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto   Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto Empty

Back to top Go down
 
Dominator046's Metallurgy Manifesto
Back to top 
Page 1 of 1

Permissions in this forum:You cannot reply to topics in this forum
 :: Aeria Roleplay :: The Librarium-
Jump to: